{"id":17001,"date":"2024-05-08T00:06:59","date_gmt":"2024-05-07T23:06:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mco.ma\/?p=17001"},"modified":"2024-05-08T00:06:59","modified_gmt":"2024-05-07T23:06:59","slug":"%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mco.ma\/?p=17001","title":{"rendered":"\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 1690\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c 1748)\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f)\u00b7 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629:<br \/>\nG\u00e9rard Bergeron, Fonctionnement de l\u2019\u0629tat, Paris A. Colin, 1965, 596 p. chap. V, Les quatre fonctions politiques essentielles, p. 235 et s., Pr\u00e9sident de la th\u00e8se Maurice Duverger, travaux de th\u00e8se publi\u00e9s avec le concours du C.N.R.S, Pr\u00e9face de Raymond Aron<br \/>\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0628\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0632\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u00b7 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7<\/p>\n<p>Aussi, autorit\u00e9 administrative et autorit\u00e9 judiciaire, sont-elles intimement li\u00e9es. On ne saurait affirmer sans risque de se tromper que les fronti\u00e8res entre ces deux domaines d\u2019activit\u00e9s sont \u00e9tanches. La fluidit\u00e9 et le cours circulent dans les deux sens. De m\u00eame qu\u2019on ne peut affirmer sans risque de se tromper que l\u2019une ou autre autorit\u00e9 est enti\u00e8rement administrative ou judiciaire.<br \/>\n\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f 8 \u06489 \u064811 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 10 \u0634\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631 1993 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629)\u00b7 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u00b7<br \/>\nV. \u0629ric Weil, Philosophie politique, Librairie Vrin, 1996, 261 p. L\u2019unique librairie au monde consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 la philosophie\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019administration constitue le point d\u2019intersection du politique dans le social\u00a0\u00bb<br \/>\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629:<br \/>\nLe syst\u00e8me bic\u00e9phale\u00a0: ce bic\u00e9phalisme administratif est fortement pr\u00e9judiciable non seulement l\u2019administration publique, mais aussi \u00e0 la gestion de la chose publique et \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratie globalement.<br \/>\n\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u00b7 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637: \u0633\u0644\u0637 \u064a\u0637\u063a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u064a\u0637\u063a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629\u00b7<br \/>\nDonc, on peut distinguer, par degr\u00e9 de souplesse, au moins trois types de comportements et d\u2019autorit\u00e9s ou de pouvoirs administratifs\u00a0: individualisation du pouvoir administratif, personnalisation du pouvoir administratif, institutionnalisation du pouvoir administratif.<br \/>\nOn parle du pouvoir administratif comme lorsqu\u2019on parle du pouvoir l\u00e9gislatif, ex\u00e9cutif ou judiciaire. Alors que l\u2019autorit\u00e9 administrative d\u00e9signe, en effet, \u00e0 fois, une personne physique ou morale, publique ou priv\u00e9e, ayant le pouvoir de prendre des d\u00e9cisions de nature administrative, r\u00e8glementaire ou individuelle, dans le cadre d\u2019une mission de service public.<br \/>\n\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00b7 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 : \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629)\u00b7<br \/>\nLes directeurs des \u00e9tablissements publics administratifs d\u00e9concentr\u00e9s.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a (\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629)\u00b7<br \/>\nLes directeurs des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et entreprises publiques \u00e9conomiques d\u00e9concentr\u00e9es.<br \/>\nDonc, on peut relever quatre niveaux de personnalisation du pouvoir administratif, du haut en bas\u00a0: pouvoir administratif concentr\u00e9 au niveau de la capitale, pouvoir administratif territorial d\u00e9concentr\u00e9, pouvoir administratif fonctionnel d\u00e9concentr\u00e9, ayant un caract\u00e8re administratif (directeurs des \u00e9tablissements publics administratifs d\u00e9concentr\u00e9s), pouvoir administratif fonctionnel d\u00e9concentr\u00e9, ayant un caract\u00e8re \u00e9conomique (directeurs ou PDG des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et entreprises publiques \u00e9conomiques d\u00e9concentr\u00e9es).<br \/>\n\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00b7 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644: \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u00b7<br \/>\nAutrement, on part territorialement, dans ce processus du pouvoir administratif institutionnalis\u00e9, du haut en bas\u00a0: de la centralisation gouvernementale, vers la d\u00e9centralisation territoriale, puis la d\u00e9centralisation fonctionnelle \u00e0 caract\u00e8re plut\u00f4t administratif (\u00e9tablissements publics administratifs 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